The+Breathers

=
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**//__The Endocrine and Lymphatic Systems__//**

__**The Endocrine System**__

Firstly, the Endocrine system contains ten parts which are Pituitary gland, Pineal Body, Thymus, Thyroid gland, Pathroid gland, Hypothalamus, Adrenals, Pancreas, Ovaries and Testes. The Endocrine system releases hormones that control the activities of the tissues in the human body. The Endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones. The Pituitary gland (at the base of the Brain) has two parts the anterior and posterior controls everything that the Endocrine system does including growth, Metabolism (meaning the process or chemical change happening to any living thing), milk secretion, hormone release, sexual development and function. Some of the hormones can affect more than one or two but even more than three organs. The anterior gland controls things like growth, the testes, the ovaries, the skin and the adrenal cortex. The posterior gland controls things like the kidney, the mammary glands and the uterus. Other glands create hormones to like the Thyroid glands hormones control the metabolic rate of the body’s tissues, it stimulates the contraction of the heart muscles and it is necessary for the growth of a baby and its brain development in birth and infancy. The pineal gland changes both male and female sexual maturity and circadian rhythm. The Adrenal gland regulates salt and water intake and parts of your immune system. Also, the Hypothalamus stimulates the Pituitary glands hormones, your body weight, your food intake, your fluid intake your thirst, your body heat and your level of sleep. Lastly, the pancreas (The pancreas is long and tapered and there is a head which is the fat end of the pancreas) takes digestive juices from your stomach to break down fats, carbohydrates, proteins and acids and get the nutrients from them. The name Pancreas is Greek, meaning “all flesh” or “all meat”. The Pancreas is surrounded by lots of blood vessels in to which they secrete the hormones glucagon and insulin. If the Pancreas fails to produce Insulin or secretes it in low amounts it will cause a serious case of Diabetes called (in the scientific way) diabetes mellitus. The Pancreas is embedded in a type of cells called “nested” cells.


 * __The Lymphatic System__**

Secondly, the Lymphatic system contains eighteen parts which are the Auxiliary nodes, mast cells, lots of lymph nodes, Thymus, lymphocyte, lymph vessels, the spleen, the tonsils, Bronchomediastinal trunk, Cervical Nodes, Cysterna Chyli, Inguinal Nodes, Intestinal Trunk, Jugular Trunk, Lumbar Trunk, Subclavian Trunk, Thoracic Trunk and bone marrow. The Lymphatic system is a network of vessels that has two main functions. The first main function that the Lymphatic system has is the responsibility of draining the interstitial fluid (plasma) and putting it back into the circulatory system (the blood system). Interstitial fluid filters out from the blood vessels and capillaries to bathe the human body’s tissues. Then the amount that that is not absorbed is collected by the lymph vessels and comes out as lymph, which contains water, protein, salt and glucose area.

The second main use that the Lymphatic system has is to protect the human body from infection (that is why it is also known as the immune system). The microbes in the human body that protect it are called white blood cells mainly but there is more than one type. One of those types is called (Scientifically) Lymphocytes and there is more than one type of it. There are three major types of lymphocytes which are B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and natural killer cells which are also known as NK Cells. Type B lymphocytes are produced in the bones marrow (which is inside the bones) ND type T lymphocytes are Produced in the thymus. There are two types because the type T lymphocytes attack foreign cells directly and type B lymphocytes are anti-bodies. There are areas in the human body that have these things called Lymphatic vessels and their job is to transport excess fluid from blood vessels at the start then bring the fluid to the end without any sort of “pumping” action. There are Lymphatic nodes in the human body and their main job is the production of Lymphocytes. They are shaped like tiny oval structures that are mainly in the neck, groin and armpits. Germs can get into your body through cuts, scraps or any other way of access to the blood stream. Your nervous system sends a message in the way of pain. Your Immune system rushes to the spot to kill any invading germs. The white blood cells kill any of the types of germs and believe me there are a lot. Germs spread like computer viruses. There are thousands of types of germs and lots are supposedly dirtier than your toilet seat. The dirtiest household object is the innocent kitchen sponge. You can take supplements that help your immune system function properly and help to replenish white blood cells in the immune system like Centrum and Inner Health Plus.

Thirdly, The Lymphatic System and the Endocrine System are related to: Some pictures of the two systems are below
 * The Lymphatic System and the cardiovascular system are closely related through the means of a Capillary system. Lymph is a “milky” sort of body liquid that contains lots of Lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). Lymph is an important factor in the role of the immune system and in the role of absorbing certain fats out from the intestine.

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References:

Creative Commons, __Diabetes__, eighth of December Two Thousand and Six [] 22 of August 2010, 30 of April 2010

INTELLIMED International Corporation, __Lymphatic System__ [], 2010, 28 of April 2010

INTELLIMED International Corporation, __Endocrine System__, [] 2010, 30 of April 2010

Guidi, Vincenzo, Dallari, __A. The Human Body__, The Five Mile Press Pty Ltd, Victoria, 2007, 23 of April 2010, PP. 54_55

[] (No more information) [] (No more information)

Mythbusters (television) 3/5/10 SBS

Tim Stubbs, Jamie Wheatley & Billy Batchelor

**//__ How is the muscular system and the respiratory system related and how do they work? __//** My student question is: What is the muscular system in your body? Where is the respiratory system in your body? **//__ My Skinny Questions __//** What are the respiratory system and the muscular system connected to? How does the respiratory work? How does the muscular system work?

**//__ What is connected to the respiratory system? __//** · Organs · Lungs · Trachea · Bronchioles · Blood vessels · Muscles · Ribs · Nose · Pharynx · Larynx · Bronchi · Fibrous tissue

· Skeleton · Tissue · Living cells · Heads of the bones · Femur · Pelvis · Ligaments · Thorax · Biceps muscles · Tendons · The bones · Nerve fibber · Nerve cells · Brain (big time) · Jaw bone · Neck muscle · Hip bone · Thigh muscle · Waist bone · Calf muscle · Shin bone · Shoulder muscle · Chewing muscle · Temporal muscles · Lower arm muscle · Abdominal muscle · Frontal muscle
 * //__ What is connected to the muscular system? __//**

The big purpose of the muscles found in your body is movement. We could be talking about the movement of your legs while you walk. We could be talking about the beating of your heart. We could also be talking about the contraction of a very small blood vessel in your brain. Muscles help you talk, to eat, to breathe. There is muscles work without being told what to do and some that you have control over. You have no control over most of the muscular system. You do have control over the voluntary muscle in your arms, legs, neck, and torso. You have little or no control over the heart and smooth muscle. Those other muscles are under the control of the **autonomic nervous system.** Exercise impacts muscles performance. With constant training, athletics are able to increase the volume of these muscle fibers and also the number of blood vessels which nourishes them. Muscle fibers can produce energy slowly or rapidly. Slow fiber cells contain energy reserves, which means that they tire less quickly but there energy reserves as soon depleted. There are three different types of muscles tissue one is striatinated and the other is smooth. Another specific tissue is that of his heart muscles; while it resembles strabed muscle tissue it has its own indorisual and unique character.
 * WHAT DOES THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM DO? **

**__ Some interesting facts about Muscles __** There are three types of muscle: muscle fiber, myofibrils and muscle fasciculus. The muscular system looks like a bundle of cables due to the muscle fibers lining up together. Skeletal muscles are made from long cells which help the body to move. We have over six hundred and forty muscles in our body. Almost half of a healthy adults body’s weight of a healthy adult is muscle. Our muscles are made from an elastic tissue of which there are sometimes thousands of small bundles of fibers making each up muscle. If you do exercise your heart beats faster everyday. This keeps your muscles strong, especially your vital heart muscle, which circulates life-giving blood to all the parts in your body. Bones can not work by them self because they need muscles to help move the body There are over six hundred and fifty of us that work in your body. So of us move long bones so you can work. Some of us move flat bone so you can write. Some of us move flat bones so you can chew. Some of us move irregular. There are also bones so that you can bend over. Smooth muscles are found in the walls of your blood vessels, intestines, stomach, and other organs. You do not tell smooth muscles what they do. They work automatically. Smooth muscles are also made of fibers, but these fibres look smooth, not striped. The muscles in your face are skeletal muscles, but they are not all attached to bones. Many facial muscles are attached to other muscles or to the skin. This allows the muscles to pull on your skin and make very small movements that change your expressions. Skeleton muscles are attached to the bones by tough bands of materials called tendons. If you wiggle a finger and you look at the top of your hand, the rope-like bands you see are tendons. The heart is your blood pump, and by exercising, not only is the blood pumped to every corner in your body, but your heart, being a muscle, becomes stronger. The left lung is smaller than the right lung to make space for the heart.

**//__ How a muscle gets a message to move __//** 1. Messages are sent along a nerve fiber (axon) to another nerve cell. 2. The message has to jump the small gap (synapse) between the nerve cells. 3. The message travels fast along the axon because it is insulated with a sheath of myelin. 4. The axon joins with other nerve fibers in a bundle creating a pathway. 5. The muscle receives the message from the brain to move.

**__ How does the respiratory system work? __** The process of breathing is called respiration. The whole system of lungs, air passages and breathing muscles is the respiratory system. The body consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide. In the lungs the bronchi split into smaller and smaller tubes (bronchioles) which end with alveoli (air sacs). The air sac is where the oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream and where the carbon dioxide goes out of the bloodstream in our body. If you could open up the air sacs and lay them flat, they would about a third the size of a tennis court.

The organs concerned with breathing are the nasal passages and mouth which lead to the trachea or windpipe. It's purpose is to bring oxygen into your body. One of the products of ** cellular respiration ** is carbon dioxide. Your respiratory system also helps your body get rid of that carbon dioxide. While you have lungs, fish have gills that serve as the location for that transfer of gases. Whatever animal you study, oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide let out.

**__ Some interesting facts about the Respiratory System __** Air is only 20% oxygen; the rest is mostly nitrogen which is harmless. There are more than 300 million alveoli in the lungs. Each of these is surrounded by a network of tiny capillaries. Every minute we breathe in 7 litres of air. = **//__ Bibliography __//** **// [] //** By: unknown Company: unknown 2009 date I accessed it was: 28th April 2010 Building blocks Dr Patricia Macnair/ Publisher: Kingfisher publications Plc, New penderel house, 283-288High Holborn London 2005 pp. 28-29 The mighty Muscular and skeletal systems By: John Burstein Slim Goodbody Corp. 2009 pp. The contence page but to the left side of the page Your eating Breathing body/ Greg Grace/ Union street, stepney, South Australia, 5069 2007 pp. =

How The digestive system works: One of the systems it is linked to is the digestive system. The digestive system works by food being inserted in to the mouth it is chewed and then swallowed through a tube called the esophagus the esophagus s a very unique part of the digestive system it doesn’t just let the food flow down the persons chest it squeezes the food down the tube. When the substance has left the esophagus it then moves into the stomach. The stomach then acts like a muscle it chews and churns the food or as it is called when it has left the esophagus it is called a bolus and once the bolus is thin enough it will move through and out of your stomach and in to the liver where it is cleaned and churned and then sent in to your small intestines. When the bolus has entered the small intestines moisture and chemicals that come from the liver and pancreas sucks up the rest of the vitamins and minerals in the bolus and then distributes them to other parts of the body. Once that process has been complete the bolus slowly slides through the intestines and gets cleaned once again by the moisture that the liver and pancreas have created and it is cleaned over and over again until it reaches the end of the small intestines and moves into the large intestines. When the bolus reaches the large intestines it has the same process but when it reaches the large intestines they are a lot bigger and drier so not as much moisture is produced when it goes through that process. As the bolus is moving through the large intestines it gets a lot smaller and a lot more compact so as it comes to the final stage of the large intestines all the moisture is extracted from the bolus and is distributed to other parts of the body the same as the small intestines. When that process has been complete what is left of the bolus sits in the bladder and waits to be extracted. The digestive system functions by a special nervous system that is sent from the brain. That nervous system is called the automotive nervous system. This nervous system functions by a cord that runs down the back of your spine. This cord sends messages up and down through two separate tubes. These two tubes are very special and the connecters between the digestive system and the brain.